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X-ray tubes and sources are lamps that produce X-rays. Some products are used in medical, dental, and industrial imaging applications. Others are used in baggage inspection units and airport security systems. X-ray tubes and sources that are used particle analysis and metrology applications are also available. Specifications for X-ray tubes and sources include volts, amps, focal spot size, target angle, and anode heat storage capacity. In general, X-ray tubes and sources are located within a vacuum compartment that permits a beam to remain unobstructed during passage through the vacuum.

X-ray tubes and sources function in a variety of ways. X-ray tubes and sources work by utilizing an X-ray generator that produces the flow of electrons and will use the electrical current and transform it to a higher voltage. A conventional x-ray generator consists of these four components: thermionic emission from a heated electrode, a short hollow sealed glass tube, a potential difference, i.e., a voltage applied from a transformer, and a Tungsten target. By applying an X-ray high voltage generator to the X-ray tube, this allows electrons to be released from the filament cathode. From the cathode, the electrons will race towards the anode, which will produce an X-ray at a certain wavelength. From here the electrons continue towards a beryllium foil that absorbs the scattered electrons allowing the X-rays to pass through the tube. After passing through the tube, the X-rays from the X-ray source enter the body and the image is captured to make a final image. An X-ray tube is often composed of glass or surrounded by metal that is sealed by a vacuum. In a dome shaped part of the tube is where the cathode is located. X-ray tubes and sources can produce large amounts of heat during the process of forming a beam, and this usually occurs when the electrons are being fired from the cathode.


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